Unraveling the Complexities of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

This article discusses the complexities of using immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) to treat hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It explores the challenges of resistance to ICIs and unconventional response patterns, such as pseudoprogression and hyperprogression. The article emphasizes the need for further research to understand the mechanisms and predictive biomarkers associated with ICIs, as well as the risk factors and treatment options for HCC. It also discusses strategies to overcome immunotherapy resistance and highlights the role of radiotherapy, mutational signaling pathways, epigenetic changes, and gut microbiota in reducing resistance. The article concludes by emphasizing the need for more research to improve the effectiveness of immunotherapy in HCC patients. [Extracted from the article]