The Classical Chinese Gardens as a Medium: Rethinking the Visual Transformation in Chinese Culture in the Twentieth Century.

The enormous diversity between the Chinese and Western cultures led to two different visual principles. Western visuality followed the perspective based on the retina, while the Chinese painters used the "far and near method" (yuanjin fa 遠近法). Before the twentieth century, the representation and dissemination of Chinese gardens at the visual level were dominated by traditional landscape painting. However, the Chinese gardens' visual representation gradually shifted from traditional landscape painting to Western cartographic techniques (site survey and photography) after the Opium War (1840–1860). When studying the history of Chinese gardens, images provide a symbolic reference for interpreting the past of these gardens as crucial visual evidence. This article uses the visual evidence of classical Chinese gardens as a medium to reveal the influence and role of Western-centric theories on Chinese culture. Fundamentally, this paper attempts to analyse the impact of these changes on the inheritance of cultural memory from an intercultural and interdisciplinary perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]