Augmented digital twin for railway systems.

The information that automated train control (ATO) systems use to improve safety and reduce power usage is limited by on-board and wayside monitoring applications and computing power. This paper presents an augmented digital twin for railway applications that enables real-time consideration of derailment risk in train operations. The augmented digital twin implements a surrogate model with the results of a massive multibody dynamics numerical program and machine learning models to predict the instantaneous wagon derailment risk. A case study for a heavy haul iron ore wagon with three-piece bogies was conducted to test the augmented digital twin. A multibody simulation numerical program comprising 2100 simulation cases was completed. The surrogate model was developed using linear, polynomial, decision tree and ensemble forest regression models on the results of the numerical program. A longitudinal train simulator was used to calculate the speed and lateral coupler force throughout a train trip. The surrogate model effectively predicted the derailment index for empty and loaded conditions accounting for lateral coupler forces, vehicle speeds and curve radius. The proposed augmented digital twin can be further developed to accomplish other train operational benefits such as the reduction of rail damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]