Quantification of hydrodynamic model sea level bias utilizing deep learning and synergistic integration of data sources.

• A causal convolutional network is proposed for predicting sea level modelling error. • Deep learning model enables accurate determination of absolute dynamic topography. • Method improves dynamic topography accuracy: RMSE 4.1 cm, correlation 0.98. • After correction, accurate vertical referencing is possible for hydrodynamic models. This study demonstrates the use of machine learning strategies to examine and quantify the bias that often exists in sea level data from hydrodynamic models. The sea level bias is considered to consist of two components: (i) hydrodynamic modelling errors due to numerical modelling limitations, and (ii) a bias related to the difference between vertical datums. The goal is to accurately quantify these components, enabling the determination of absolute dynamic topography from coastal to offshore areas. The method is tested in the Baltic Sea employing a synergy of hydrodynamic models, tide gauges, and satellite altimetry. Firstly, a multivariate deep neural network approach inspired by WaveNet is used to identify and quantify hydrodynamic modelling errors. A wrapper-type sequential feature elimination algorithm identifies seven relevant variables out of the initially considered sixteen for training the deep leaning model in the Baltic Sea region. The model is trained using sixteen tide gauge records. As a result, the model predicts hydrodynamic modelling errors with a root mean squared error of 3.2 cm and 3.4 cm, and an R-Squared value of 0.82 and 0.77 for the training and test sets, respectively. Comparing the predicted and observed errors reveals localized areas where other sea level dynamics, such as seiches in the Gulf of Riga, may be of interest but were not incorporated into the deep learning model. Secondly, once the hydrodynamic modelling errors are quantified, the method allows for the determination of the vertical reference bias by comparing known and reliable observations, such as tide gauge and satellite altimetry data. The vertical reference bias is calculated to be 18.1 ± 2.9 cm. The method significantly improves the accuracy of dynamic topography, resulting in an average root mean squared error of 4.1 cm compared with satellite altimetry and a correlation of 0.98 compared with tide gauges. This approach presents a novel way to integrate modelled and observed dynamic topography using machine learning techniques for enhancing our understanding and its applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]