Croton crassifolius Geisel.:A comprehensive review of the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and quality control.

Croton crassifolius Geisel. (C. crassifolius), belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae, is a traditional Chinese medicine primarily distributed in Asia. This medicinal plant is commonly used for moving qi and relieving pain, dispelling wind and swelling, relaxing tendons and activating collaterals in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) to treat rheumatic arthritis, bruises and injuries, gastric and duodenal ulcers, sore throat, and so on. To date, no comprehensive review on C. crassifolius has been published. The purpose of this review is to provide a thorough overview of the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and quality control of C. crassifolius. We mainly focus on phytochemical and pharmacological investigations of C. crassifolius. Furthermore, perspectives for possible future studies on C. crassifolius are also discussed. A thorough search of published articles up to May 2023 was conducted, focusing on original publications related to C. crassifolius, using numerous literature databases, including China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CKNI) (http://www.cnki.net), PubMed Database (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov), Wanfang Data (http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/), and Web of Science database (http://apps.webofknowledge.com/). More than 250 chemical compounds, including terpenoids, volatile oils, pyran-2-one derivatives, and flavonoids have been isolated and identified from C. crassifolius. Among these compounds, terpenoids form the main components. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that the plant possesses antiangiogenic, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antibacterial, and antiviral properties. After the initial search, we reviewed the deficiencies of pharmacological mechanism and quality control studies and suggested workable solutions, which will be of great use in future research. In this review we have conducted a thorough overview of C. crassifolius and offered new perspectives on research regarding quality control, substance basis, and pharmacological mechanism, providing theoretical guidance for the clinical application and development of Chinese medicine. However, several defects, such as pharmacological mechanism determination, quality control, pharmacokinetic establishment, and toxicology assessment of C. crassifolius need further study. [Display omitted] • The study first discussed quality control, which has not been explored in previous reviews. • The study first reviewed the limitations of pharmacological mechanism and quality control studies and proposed appropriate solutions, which are of great practical significance to subsequent studies. • This is the first systematic critical review of studies on Croton crassifolius Geisel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]