Large eddy simulation of tip-leakage cavitating flow around twisted hydrofoil with effects of tip clearance and skew angle.

Tip-leakage cavitating flow around hydrofoils has attracted much research interest, but the complex structures of tip separation vortex (TSV) and tip-leakage vortex (TLV) have not been clearly resolved and discussed with the effects of tip clearance and skew angle yet. In the present work, large eddy simulation (LES) with multi-level octree grid refinement is used to investigate the tip-leakage flows around a series of twisted hydrofoils with various skew angle and tip clearance. High resolution is guaranteed by the normalized grid sizes of y + < 1 , Δ x + ∼ 50 and Δ z + ∼ 10 , through which the predicted flow meets the criterion that at least 80% of the turbulent kinetic energy is resolved. The TSVs are identified to grow from the entire lower edge of the tip and twine with the TLV into a primary vortex tube, which leads to counter-rotating induced vortices (IV) strongly twisted around the primary vortex in the case of medium tip clearance but weakened for small one. Cavitation effect significantly accelerates the roll-up process of the vortices so that the primary vortex is formed earlier. The tip-leakage flow turns from wake-like to jet-like when the clearance is reduced, but the jet velocity diminishes markedly for extremely small clearance. The hydrofoil skewness barely makes a lift on the vortex tube, distinctive from the effect of tip clearance variation. The adverse pressure gradient induced by the skew angle has significant effect on the laminar–turbulent​ transition of the flow. The tip vortex flow induces strongly characterized laminar ant turbulent flow regions on the suction side, which continuously changes with the variation of the skewness. • LES with multilevel octree grid refinement is used to clearly resolve flow details. • High-resolution TSV grows from entire tip edge and twines with TLV into vortex tube. • Cavitation has significant acceleration effect on the roll-up process of vortices. • Induced vortex is twisted around lifting primary vortex as tip clearance is reduced. • Adverse pressure gradient caused by skew angle makes laminar–turbulent flow pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]