Evaluation of NIR LED and laser diode as a light source in diffuse reflectance spectroscopy system for intravenous fluid infiltration detection under dermis layer of skin phantom.

• NIR LED and laser diode as light sources for IV fluid infiltration detection using DRS technique under the dermis layer of a human skin phantom. • Lab-scale and prototype system were capable to detect as low as 0.1 ml of IV fluid under the dermis layer. • DRS detection sensitivity using laser diode light source was found more sensitive than LED. This study evaluates the performance of near-infrared (NIR) LED and laser diode as light sources for detecting intravenous fluid (IV) infiltration under dermis layer of skin phantom using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). A commercially available and relatively cheap NIR LED (950 nm) and laser diode (980 nm) were employed, and a laboratory DRS system was transformed into a portable prototype with Internet of Things (IoT) integration for smartphone data acquisition. The results demonstrate that both laboratory and prototype DRS systems successfully detected IV fluid as low as 0.1 ml beneath the dermis layer of skin phantom. Notably, the DRS sensitivity using the laser diode light source surpassed that of the LED, both in the laboratory and prototype DRS systems. These findings highlight the high potential of NIR laser diodes in DRS systems for highly sensitive infiltration detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]