Alleviation of cadmium toxicity and fortification of zinc in wheat cultivars cultivated in Cd contaminated soil.

• Cd is an exceptionally toxic and extremely mobile element in both soil and plant systems. • Zn foliar application effectually enhanced wheat quality and its tolerance against Cd. • Current study will give interesting outcomes to cope with Cd contaminated soils and improving plant performance. To address food production challenges and combat heavy metal toxicity, an economically viable and sustainable approach is essential. Cadmium (Cd) contamination poses risks to crops and human health. Leveraging the structural similarity between zinc (Zn) and cadmium, we explored foliar Zn spray's potential to alleviate Cd toxicity and enhance wheat yield. Our field study near Peshawar, Pakistan, during the 2021–2022 winter, employed a split-plot design to investigate Zn's impact on wheat biofortification. Across three wheat varieties (JANBAZ-10, Pirsabak (PS)-2013, PS-2015), four foliar Zn levels (0 %, 0.5 %, 1.0 %, 1.5 % solution) were tested at various growth stages. Pirsabak-2015 exhibited optimal results, with a 1 % foliar Zn treatment producing the highest grain yield (3409 kg ha−1), biological yield (9022 kg ha−1), grains per spike (56), and 1000-grain weight (40.6 g). Application of 1 % biochar also significantly increased grain yield. Zn concentration peaked in grains and leaves with 1.5 % Zn solution, followed by 1.0 % Zn in the PS-2015 cultivar. Moreover, 1 % Zn application enhanced photosynthetic parameters and significantly reduced cadmium concentrations in leaves and grains. Notably, 1.0 % Zn led to improved stress tolerance as indicated by decreased electrolyte leakage and increased superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities. Applying 1.0 % Zn solution as a foliar spray during different growth stages demonstrates the potential to enhance wheat yield, increase grain Zn content, and mitigate Cd toxicity in Cd-contaminated soil. Further research across diverse cereal crops and climates will help establish 1.0 % Zn foliar spray as an effective Cd stress mitigation strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]