Geochemical characteristics of natural springs within the Lenglongling fault zone related to the Menyuan Ms 6.9 earthquake on January 8, 2022, NW China.

Geofluids from natural springs connect with the crust and/or mantle in many cases, and their geochemical anomalies could be significant for the study on faults activity and even earthquakes. Several natural springs are distributed along the Lenglongling fault zone (LLLFZ) in the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, where the M s 6.9 Menyuan earthquake occurred on January 8th, 2022. Based on chemical and isotopic compositions (δD, δ18O, δ13C, and 3He/4He) of water and gas samples, the origin of geofluids and their potential correlation with fault activity even including earthquakes are preliminarily assessed in this paper. The δ13C CO2 values and 3He/4He ratios showed that the gas originating from the crust was associated with the metamorphism of carbonate rocks, whereas the δ18O and δD values of water samples indicated that the natural springs were predominantly infiltrated with precipitations from local mountains ranging 3.7 - 5.5 km in height. Obvious changes of Ca2+ and HCO 3 − concentrations in SZK spring waters in the surface rupture zones were observed in a short period (about three months) after the main shock, in contrast to those of the GSK springs far from the surface rupture zones. Such variations might be correlated with the stress increase prior to the 2022 Menyuan M s 6.9 earthquake. The mechanical fracturing of surrounding limestone rocks during the slipping movement of LLLF could facilitate the water-rock interactions. Compared to three-month observations after the main shock, relatively higher concentrations of HCO 3 − and heavier δ18O H 2 O values of the LHG springs were also observed in the short-term period. The shallow stored formation water might be squeezed along the cracks and rose to the surface during earthquake tremors, causing a sandblasting water phenomenon. • Ionic concentration of spring water showed anomalies with Menyuan M S 6.9 earthquake. • Two distinct causes of hydro-chemical anomalies revealed. • Bubbling CO 2 originated mainly from metamorphic and weathering carbonate in the crust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]