Automated Detection and Tracking of Equatorial Plasma Bubbles Utilizing Global‐Scale Observations of the Limb and Disk (GOLD) 135.6 nm Data.

Equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) are regions of depleted plasma within the ionosphere that form during post‐sunset hours near the magnetic equator. EPBs tend to align with local geomagnetic field lines, extend hundreds of kilometers along geomagnetic longitudes, and thousands of kilometers along geomagnetic latitudes. EPBs can attenuate lower frequency radio waves, such as HF radar. Smaller features, usually 10s of meters, along the EPB's wall can interfere with centimeter scale wavelengths, such as GPS, via Bragg scattering. Statistical analysis of EPBs can further understanding of their occurrence and behavior. The current study utilizes Global‐Scale Observations of the Limb and Disk (GOLD) 135.6 nm nightglow data from 5 October 2018 to 30 September 2022. GOLD has a unique perspective from geostationary orbit, allowing consistent viewing of nightglow and structures over the Americas and Atlantic. An EPB detection method is developed and used to generate a database of occurrences. Occurrences are used to calculate EPB drift speeds and separations. All data is looked at as a whole, including any possible solar or geomagnetic disturbance periods. Seasonality in occurrence rate is evident. Occurrences peak during December solstice and minimize during June solstice for longitudes seen by GOLD. Within GOLD's view, higher occurrences are seen to the west during December solstice and to the east during June solstice. EPB drift speeds and separations show consistent distributions regardless of magnetic latitude region, geographic region, or season. This suggests EPBs behave consistently and regularly once formed, at least on spatial scales observed by GOLD. Plain Language Summary: Equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) are large regions of the upper atmosphere and tend to drift eastward after formation. These structures can form when smaller amplitude perturbations in the F‐region ionosphere grow in both amplitude and scale as they expand outwards, forming a void or bubble in the plasma. Equatorial plasma bubbles can be thousands of kilometers north to south, hundreds of kilometers east to west, and thousands of kilometers in altitude. The composition and irregularities along the outer extremities of EPBs can interfere with radio waves such as GPS. The current work develops a method, analyzes 4 years of GOLD data, and generates a database of all EPBs in GOLD's purview. Seasonal variations in occurrence of EPBs is verified: highest during December solstice and lowest during June solstice. A slight increase in EPB occurrence from year to year coincides with increases in solar activity. Little variation can be seen for EPB drifts or inter‐bubble separations by season and/or region. Key Points: Equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) are automatically detected, tracked, and analyzed with a new algorithmFour years of GOLD airglow observations are used to generate a database of EPB characteristicsEPB occurrence rate varies with region and season but characteristics like drift speed are similar [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]