Rapid and spatially programmed electrostatic actuation of anisotropic polymers.

[Display omitted] • Rapid actuation of anisotropic polymer films driven by electrostatic Coulombic force was achieved. • Spatial control of electrostatic actuation was demonstrated by engineering electric fields. • The electric resistance, elastic modulus, and anisotropy of polymers were critical for determining actuation performance. Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) are a fascinating class of anisotropic soft actuating materials that can respond to various stimuli. However, achieving both fast actuation and a high degree of freedom (DOF) in the LCE is one of the main challenges to overcome. In this study, we demonstrate rapid actuation (∼25 Hz) of LCEs driven by electrostatic force via direct charging. Notably, the end of the LCE film in our system is physically separated from the electrode, unlike conventional dielectric elastomer actuators, which allow a high DOF actuation when applying the DC or AC voltage in a spatially controlled manner. As a proof-of-concept, various functional actuators, including popup letters, a Kirigami-inspired spring, a dynamic segments device, a freeform oscillator, and a flapping motion of beetle, are successfully demonstrated. We envision our electrostatically actuating LCEs with sophisticatedly engineered electric fields in 1D, 2D, and 3D environments as a valuable platform for investigating the fundamental mechanics of electric field-driven soft actuators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]