Node Vulnerability-Aware co-deployment of D-PMUs and FTUs for active distribution networks.

• A node vulnerability-aware co-deployment strategy of D-PMUs and FTUs is proposed. • A node vulnerability index for ADNs is defined based on CNT and risk assessment. • The proposed strategy balances the MS economy, monitorability, and SE accuracy. • The dynamic inertia weight and learning factors improve the DPSO's performance. • The SE robustness is better when the MS possesses higher SMD. This study proposes a co-deployment strategy of distribution-level phasor measurement units (D-PMUs) and feeder terminal units (FTUs) for active distribution networks (ADNs) considering node vulnerability to efficiently monitor and perceive the operational state of ADNs. The proposed measurement deployment strategy preferentially configures measurement devices with high precision and superior monitoring functions on vulnerable nodes while ensuring state estimation (SE) accuracy and cost economy. Based on complex network theory and risk assessment, a vulnerability index reflecting the "bridge" characteristics of nodes was defined. Considering the system monitorability, SE accuracy, and measurement cost, a measurement co-deployment strategy based on a combination weighting method was developed. An improved discrete particle swarm optimization algorithm was proposed to solve the co-deployment model by establishing a new particle coding format, improving the dynamic inertia weight and learning factors, and introducing chaos theory. Simulation results based on the IEEE 33-bus and 119-bus distribution systems verify the effectiveness and show that the proposed strategy not only improves system monitorability but also enhances SE robustness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]