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Blockchain integrates cryptography, distributed consensus, P2P networking, and timestamping technologies, which can achieve functions such as consistent data storage, tamper resistance, and non-repudiation, solving the trust issue in open networks that do not rely on any trusted third parties. The decentralized nature of blockchain gives it a broad range of application prospects. However, as the applications become more extensive and profound, the scalability issue has become a key challenge for unlocking the full potential of blockchain technology. Blockchain is essentially still a distributed system. Based on this, this paper reviewed the research work on blockchain from the perspective of the scalability of distributed systems. It discussed the ideas and methods for blockchain scalability from three aspects: on-chain scalability, off-chain scalability, and cross-chain scalability. Then it summarized the research achievements in recent years. Building on the summary and analysis of existing solutions, this paper explored the challenges faced in improving blockchain scalability and discussed future research trends in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]