EDX and LIBS Studies on Gallstones Using Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA).

The article discusses the use of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and chemometric analysis to study the composition of gallstones, with a focus on identifying toxic elements. Topics include the presence of heavy metals like arsenic, cadmium, and lead in gallstones, the heterogeneous distribution of elements within gallstones, and the successful discrimination of gallstones based on their elemental composition using chemometrics and LIBS data.