Duty-cycle-aware low-thrust trajectory optimization using embedded homotopy.

In space mission design, an important operational constraint is planned periodic coast arcs during which various mission-critical tasks such as navigation or ground communications are performed. These constraints, typically implemented as thruster duty cycles, can be characterized as discrete coast arcs enforced periodically during intervals of deterministic thrusting. A typical approach to incorporate duty cycles is by enforcing maximum thrust levels that are less than a nominal value. This work presents an embedded homotopy indirect optimization method for a smooth enforcement of discrete duty-cycle constraints for low-thrust trajectory optimization. The complexity of enforcing such discrete constraints is two-fold: (1) a precise event-detection strategy is needed to determine the beginning of deterministic thrust arcs, which must be successively updated along the trajectory and (2) a smooth modeling of the discrete coast events occurring on the order of 10s or even 100s depending on the duration of deterministic thrust arcs. Duty cycle constraints are enforced at the level of the Hamiltonian using a Composite Smooth Control (CSC) method, producing high-resolution optimal control solutions conscious of planned duty cycle coast arcs. Numerical solutions are presented for the heliocentric transfer phases of three space missions. The results are then validated against the Evolutionary Mission Trajectory Generator (EMTG), one of NASA's global trajectory optimization tools used for interplanetary mission design and capable of the explicit enforcement of periodic duty cycle coasting. The proposed indirect method is suitable for obtaining high-resolution trajectory solutions with realistically enforced thruster duty cycle, which could then be used as high-quality initial guesses in flight-fidelity mission planning tools. The proposed smooth modeling of discrete coast arcs can also be customized to enforce periodic and non-periodic thrust shutdown constraints. • Duty-cycle aware, multi-revolution, low-thrust, minimum-fuel trajectories. • A novel smooth switching function for embedding forced coast arcs. • Composite Smooth Control (CSC) is used to embed the discrete duty-cycle constraints. • Comparison with NASA's Evolutionary Mission Trajectory Generator (EMTG). • Julia programming language is used for solution of the boundary-value problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]