Low molecular weight heparin-induced skin necrosis-a systematic review.

Background: Low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) are currently used as a standard for anti- thrombotic therapy. Skin necrosis caused by LMWH is a rare and probably under-reported complication. The aim of our systematic review is to analyse the present literature for cases of LMWH-induced skin necrosis, emphasising the pathogenesis, clinical pattern, and management of this rare side effect. Methods: We performed a Medline literature search (Pub Med database) and manual cross-referencing to identify all articles related to LMWH- induced skin necrosis. Data were analysed for type of LMWH used, time until skin necrosis occurred, localisation, size, laboratory findings, switch anticoagulant, complications, and outcome. Additionally, the case of a patient from our hospital is presented. Results: We included a total of 20 articles (21 cases) reporting on LMWH-induced skin necrosis. Skin necrosis occurred locally and custarn 1mm me mjecuon site. Heparin-induced antibodies were frequently observed (positive 9/11 articles, negative 2/11). However, severe thrombocytopenia (platelet count <100,000 cells/ml) occurred in only four cases, while platelet count remained normal in 50% of the cases. After patients had been switched to other anti-thrombotic drugs, the clinical course was usually benign; how- ever, reconstructive surgery was necessary in two cases. Conclusion: LMWH-induced skin necrosis may occur as part of the heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) syndrome, but other pathomechanisms, including allergic reactions and local trauma, may also be involved. When HIT is excluded, unfractionated heparin is a safe switch anticoagulant. Otherwise, non-heparin preparations such as hirudin or fondaparinux should be preferred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]