Optimally enhanced fractional-order cascaded integral derivative tilt controller for improved load frequency control incorporating renewable energy sources and electric vehicle.

This article discusses the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources and electric vehicles for improved load frequency control mechanism of interconnected power system. This research also looks at the impact of communication latency on system stability and sustainability. The mathematical modelling and analysis of the studied proposed system, a two-area interconnected hybrid power system, includes a thermal plant, hydro plant, and gas plant in each area. Moreover, both control areas also incorporate sporadic solar and wind power plants as well as electric vehicles for case study purposes. A novel cascade fractional-order integral-derivative and tilt controller has been designed for the analysed system. A new modified Quasi-Opposition Reptile Search Algorithm (QORSA) is also proposed to optimise the different parameters of controller. To demonstrate its superiority, the QORSA is compared with some recent prominent meta-heuristic algorithms. Furthermore, the effectiveness and efficacy of the proposed control approach has been analysed in comparison with existing controllers as well as some other research work under diverse conditions like step and random disturbances. The comprehensive results studies show the overall better and improved dynamic performance analysis for anticipated hybrid power system. Finally, the proposed methodology is validated through real-time experimental analysis by means of Opal-RT platform for its practical feasibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]