An Update on Psychoactive Substances: Pharmacology and Toxicology Issues.

In relation to this issue, Chiappini et al. [[7]], in their study, assessed the available pharmacovigilance misuse/abuse/dependence/withdrawal signals relating to the SSRIs citalopram, escitalopram, paroxetine, fluoxetine, and sertraline. The potential for the abuse of medications that are controlled substances is well known; however, the abuse/dependence of certain noncontrolled prescription drugs and over-the-counter medications may also occur. This Special Issue, titled "Psychoactive Substances: Pharmacology and Toxicology", aims to provide an up-to-date overview of the pharmacology, clinical information, and toxicology of psychotropics, as well as the effects associated with their intake. Both opioids showed short-term reinforcing properties; however, only tramadol showed the potential to induce drug memory and the incubation of craving several days after the last drug administration, suggesting that tapentadol has a lower propensity to induce dependence than tramadol. [Extracted from the article]