Signalling males increase or decrease their calling effort according to the proximity of rivals in a wild cricket.

Males that employ dynamic courtship displays to attract females may tactically adjust their courtship in response to their social environment. However, we know little about how sexual signals are adjusted in complex natural settings, where individuals are competing for attention against a backdrop of signals from nearby and distant rivals. We investigated this using data from the WildCrickets project, a wild population of field crickets, Gryllus campestris , continuously monitored via CCTV cameras. We used over a million scan samples from 129 males across 51 days to explore how the singing and proximity of other males influenced male singing behaviour. We first quantified the spatial network of the males to understand how the extent of singing overlap is affected by the distance between them, and found a moderate overlap across the whole population, regardless of distance. We then used a finer-grained analysis controlling for the effect of environmental variables. At distances greater than 1 m, we found a stimulatory effect of singing by other males on a focal male's singing behaviour, leading to males singing in the same time intervals. The overlap in singing became weaker as the distance between males increased. Conversely, we found that males were less likely to call when another male was singing very close by (within 1 m), suggesting an inhibitory effect. These findings reveal how, in a dynamic social network in a wild population, males perform fine-scale adjustments to their signalling behaviour in response to signalling by other males both nearby and far away. • How do males adjust sexual signalling in response to signalling rival male proximity? • Rival males calling 1–5 m from a male had a stimulatory effect on calling. • Rival males calling less than 1 m from a male had an inhibitory effect on calling. • There was an overlap in calling across all males likely due to environmental effects. • Males adjust sexual signalling in response to changes in their social environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]