A mixed reality framework for microsurgery simulation with visual-tactile perception.

Microsurgery is a general term for surgery combining surgical microscope and specialized precision instruments during operation. Training in microsurgery requires considerable time and training resources. With the rapid development of computer technologies, virtual surgery simulation has gained extensive attention over the past decades. In this work, we take advantage of mixed reality (MR) that creates an interactive environment where physical and digital objects coexist, and present an MR framework for the microsurgery simulation. It enables users to practice anastomosis skills with real microsurgical instruments rather than additional haptic feedback devices that are typically used in virtual reality-based systems, and to view a realistic rendering intra-operative scene at the same time, thus creating an immersive training experience with such a visual-tactile interactive environment. A vision-based tracking system is proposed to simultaneously track microsurgical instruments and artificial blood vessels, and a learning-based anatomical modeling approach is introduced to facilitate the development of simulations in different microsurgical specialities by rapidly creating virtual assets. Moreover, we build a prototype system for the simulation specializing in microvascular hepatic artery reconstruction to demonstrate the feasibility and applicability of our framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]