Plug and Charge Solutions with Vehicle-to-Grid Communication.

With electro-mobility, the demand for charging services is increasing. In Germany alone, the Federal Ministry for Digital Affairs and Transport required for at least 843,000 new charging stations by 2030. Charging service is key for electro-mobility and requires a new innovative technology for the future. Plug and Charge (PnC) enables easy, convenient, and secure charging process compared in existing technologies (RFID, SMS, or App). This secure and convenient charging process is based on digital certificates from PnC ecosystem. Today, validation of certificates between electric vehicle (EV) and charging station (EVSE) in PnC ecosystem is very simple. For the future, there are many new requirements for PnC ecosystem from new standard (ISO 15118-20), Federal Ministry of Economics and Climate Protection, new certificates (V2G root CAs) and new Pool&Service (e.g., Root Certificate Pool). This will make the validation of certificates between EV and EVSE more and more difficult. These new and existing requirements are identified, analyzed and evaluated here. With this article, for the first time, these requirements are derived on entire PnC ecosystem, on cloud components (e.g., MO) and on individual functions (e.g., mTLS, certificate authentication, and authorization). From these requirements, a three-level solution (1-EV, 2-PKI, and 3-Cloud components (e.g., MO, CPO)) is generated. These three level solutions enable successful validation of the certificate with or without interoperability of the certificate. New and various solutions for future networks (e.g., contract and root certificate pools) for either interoperable or non-interoperable networks are illustrated here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]