Novel nanotechnological approaches for managing Phytophthora diseases of plants.

Phytophthora is a dreaded pathogen and difficult to control by traditional methods. Nanotechnology is a potential alternative for the management of Phytophthora diseases. Nanomaterials can be applied for the detection and delivery of fungicides, and therapy of pathogens. The nano-based tools are less toxic, cost-effective, and without risk of plants developing resistance. Members of the Phytophthora genus are soil-dwelling pathogens responsible for diseases of several important plants. Among these, Phytophthora infestans causes late blight of potatoes, which was responsible for the Irish potato famine during the mid-19th century. Various strategies have been applied to control Phytophthora, including integrated management programs (IMPs) and quarantine, but without successful full management of the disease. Thus, there is a need to search for alternative tools. Here, we discuss the emerging role of nanomaterials in the detection and treatment of Phytophthora species, including slow delivery of agrochemicals (microbicides and pesticides). We propose integrating these tools into an IMP, which could lead to a reduction in pesticide use and provide more effective and sustainable control of Phytophthora pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]