A phased array ultrasound system with a robotic arm for neuromodulation.

• A phased array system was designed for ultrasound neuromodulation. • A high-resolution region-specific ultrasound neuromodulation requires 200 um range accuracy. • A phased array system provides the accuracy with electronic focusing. • Ultrasound neuromodulation with phased array shows reproducible results in region specificity. Ultrasonic neuromodulation (UNMOD) provides a non-invasive brain stimulation. However, the high-resolution region-specificity of UNMOD with a single element transducer combined with a mechanical positioning system could have limits due to the intrinsic positioning error from mechanical systems. A phased array system could lead to highly selective neuromodulation with electronic control. A specialized phased-array system with a robotic arm is implemented for a rhesus monkey model. Various primary motor cortex areas related to tail, hand, and mouth were stimulated with a 200 μm step size. The ultrasonic parameters were I SPTA of 840 mW/cm2, pulse repetition frequency of 100 Hz, and a 5% duty factor at 600 kHz. The induced movement were recorded and analyzed. Separate digits, mouth, and tongue motions were successfully induced by electronically controlling the focus. The identical body part movement could be induced when the focus was moved back to the identical primary motor cortex with electronic control. Accordingly, the reproducibility of UNMOD could be partially validated with rhesus monkey model. A phased-array system appears to have a potential for the non-invasive and region-selective neuromodulation method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]