Treatment of Water and Wastewater: Challenges and Solutions.

Several types of these contaminants resist removal and degradation by conventional water and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and methods. Water is widely recognized as a fundamental factor in ecosystems and environments, playing a crucial role in human life and health [[1]]. There are various contaminants in water and wastewater effluents (comprising organic contaminants, heavy metals, emerging contaminants, nutrients, and pathogens), each of which requires a specific treatment process [[6]]. Farch et al. [[10]] removed methylene blue (MB), a dye contaminant, using walnut shell. [Extracted from the article]