Completed homogeneous LBP for remote sensing image classification.

Land cover (LC) classification remains a challenging task due to the diversity of terrain and topography, limited prior knowledge, and complex data sets. These variations can lead to differences in illumination and shading, which can affect the appearance of objects in the image. The local binary pattern (LBP) model is an effective technique for capturing local texture information in an image, which can help to overcome the effects of topography diversity by analysing patterns in different image regions, even if the illumination or shading conditions are different. However, LBP alone is inadequate for characterizing high-resolution remotely sensed images with complex semantic content as it only utilizes sign information in the local region. In this paper, a new texture characterization descriptor, known as completed homogeneous LBP (CHLBP), is proposed as an improved version of homogeneous LBP (HLBP) for LC classification of remotely sensed images. The CHLBP method mainly involves the following steps: first, sign and magnitude information from the HLBP descriptor is extracted, providing an effective alternative to the HLBP complementary contrast measure. Second, for each sign and magnitude function, a new splitting factor δ is used to obtain a depth relationship between the centre and its neighbouring pixels and to enhance noise robustness. Finally, the centre pixels representing the image grey level are also considered to contain discriminative information. The performance of our descriptor is evaluated using four challenging texture databases: Outex (TC10, TC12), Geofen Image Dataset (GID), and large-scale aerial (AID). Extensive experiments were performed using four classifiers: Support Vector Machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbours (KNN), Random Forest (RF), and Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), demonstrating the effectiveness and robustness of our descriptor against noise and free noise conditions in public remote sensing datasets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]