Productivity variation and stability of intensive forage‐winter wheat cropping systems on the Loess Plateau, China.

Integrating forage crops into the continuous winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping system can be used for increasing rural population income and maintaining grain production on the Loess Plateau. The objective of this study was to comprehensively evaluate economic yield (EYyield), dry matter yield (DMyield), crude protein yield (CPyield), wheat equivalent yield (WEyield), and food equivalent yield (FEUyield) when incorporating annual forages (oat [Avena sativa L.], soybean [Glycine max L.], and vetch [Vicia sativa L.]) into the traditional fallow‐winter wheat system from a 4‐year (2016–2020) experiment on the Loess Plateau of China. Results showed that incorporating annual forages into the continuous wheat system significantly increased system productivity. Among the four growing seasons, average system DMyield values for fallow‐winter wheat (F‐W), oat‐winter wheat (O‐W), soybean‐winter wheat (S‐W), and vetch‐winter wheat (V‐W) were 10348.52, 13854.15, 14679.94, and 12185.29 kg ha−1, respectively. The average wheat EYyield values were 3777.82, 3115.19, 4020.76, and 3180.71 kg ha−1, respectively. The average forage DMyield values were 0.00, 5497.19, 4284.64, and 2817.50 kg ha−1, respectively. The S‐W system had the highest DMyield and CPyield (1350.10 kg ha−1), and also had DMyield with the smallest variation (CV = 15.21%). The O‐W, S‐W, and V‐W systems produced FEUyield values that were 48.67%, 68.46%, and 30.53%, respectively, greater than the F‐W system. When considering market prices and yields, the S‐W system increased wheat gain yield and had the highest WEyield (6607.90 kg ha−1). Therefore, in consideration of forage quality, winter wheat production, and system productivity, we recommend the S‐W system for local farmers on the Loess Plateau. Core Ideas: Integrating annual forage crops into the continuous winter wheat cropping system increased productivity.The forage oat had the highest dry matter yield, but the soybean had the highest crude protein yield.Planting soybean into fallow‐wheat system when consideration of quality, digestibility, and production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]