Nodal integration-based particle finite element method (N-PFEM) for poro-elastoplastic modelling of saturated soils under large deformation.

This paper presents the nodal integration-based particle finite element method (N-PFEM) for poro-elastoplastic analysis of saturated soils subject to large deformation, utilising the generalised Hellinger-Reissner variational principle to reformulate the governing equations for saturated soil dynamics into a min–max optimisation problem. With finite element discretisation and nodal integration over cells, the problem is transformed into a standard second-order cone programming problem, efficiently resolved using the advanced primal–dual interior point method. The N-PFEM method has several advantages, including the use of linear triangular elements without volumetric locking issues, the avoidance of regularisation techniques, and the elimination of tedious variable mapping after remeshing. The numerical model is validated for large deformation analysis of saturated soils with a series of benchmarks against available analytical and numerical solutions, with a case study of the deformation of an embankment considering stone column reinforcement also carried out. This N-PFEM framework offers an effective and efficient simulation approach for the evolutionary behaviour of saturated soils with large deformation in complex geotechnical configurations of practical relevance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]