Miniaturized solid phase extraction techniques for different kind of pollutants analysis: State of the art and future perspectives – PART 2.

Determination of pollutants present in environmental samples at a low concentration level very often requires the analytical protocol that includes analytes isolation and/or enrichment prior to the final quantification. Miniaturized SPE offers an interesting alternative to LLE. Nowadays, many types of sorbents are available and can be used as selective materials for extraction of varied analytes in different kinds of samples. The characteristic of sorbent plays a crucial role because determines the resulting extraction mechanism of particular technique. SPE techniques have numerous positive features. This review provides an updated, comprehensive overview of new types of sorbents used in SPE-based techniques. In addition, miniaturized SPE techniques applied to environmental problems are described, based on the most recent, relevant, and representative examples of successful application. The perspective of the most promising directions for the development of the SPE technology in the near future, and the greatest challenges that will have to be faced, are also outlined. • SPE has been practiced in a modern form for more than half a century. • SPE technique was constantly developing, driven by the needs of analysts chemists. • SPE-type techniques connected with quantufication methods are perfect to be applied for environmental pollution analysis. • Many type of new sorbents are ised in SPE techniques. • Application of miniaturized SPE techniques to environmental problems brings many advantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]