Enzyme based field effect transistor: State‐of‐the‐art and future perspectives.

The review discloses the historical and technological evolution of enzyme‐based field‐effect transistors (EnFETs) underlying the importance of gate electrode modification toward the implementation of novel FETs configurations such as extended‐gate FET (EG‐FETs) or EG organic FETs (EG‐OFETs). The working principle of the EnFETs as postulated by Bergveld in 1970, who defined the EnFET as an ion‐selective FET (ISFET) modified with enzyme‐membrane, is also discussed considering the analytical equations related to the EnFET output response. For each category, namely EnFETs, EG‐FETs, and EG‐OFETs, we reviewed the key devices' configurations that addressed the research in this field in the last 40 years with particular attention to the analytical figures of merit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]