An inexact bi-level multi-objective modeling approach for managing agricultural water-food-carbon-land-ecology-nutrition nexus in an arid area.

[Display omitted] • A novel w ater-f o od-carbo n -lan d - e cology-nut r ient (WONDER) nexus in an arid area is proposed. • The irrigation priority ranking of different decision-making units is calculated based on GEE platform. • The ecological satisfaction degree is proposed to characterize the degree of achieving the pre-given ecological objectives. • A fuzzy-interval credibility-constrained bi-level multi-objective programming model is developed. • The findings can provide decision support for balancing conflicts and preferences in agricultural and ecological water management. Multiple subsystems such as water, food, land, carbon, ecology, and nutrition are closely intertwined, and the resulting complexity and uncertainty pose challenges to water resource management. This study proposes an optimization framework from a novel w ater-f o od-carbo n -lan d - e cology-nut r ition (WONDER) nexus perspective for the integrated management of agricultural and ecological water resources. Firstly, the irrigation priority ranking of decision-making units (DMU) is obtained based on the remote sensing indices from the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. Secondly, the ecological satisfaction degree, which aggregates carbon sink satisfaction degree and ecological water demand satisfaction degree, is proposed to characterize the degree of achieving the pre-given ecological objectives. Then, the above two indicators (i.e., the irrigation priority ranking and the ecological satisfaction degree) are integrated with a fuzzy-interval credibility-constrained bi-level multi-objective programming model to realize: (1) reconciling conflicts in food nutrition, food security, economic development, and ecological conservation; (2) making trade-offs among the positions and preferences of different decision-makers; (3) dealing with the dual uncertainties of fuzzy-interval parameters; (4) obtaining optimal agricultural and ecological water allocation schemes. The applicability of the model is verified by taking Hongyashan Irrigation District of Minqin County as an example. The results show that: (1) the irrigation priority ranking for the DMUs is: DMU 10 > DMU 9 > DMU 4 > DMU 5 > DMU 1 > DMU 11 > DMU 6 > DMU 8 > DMU 7 > DMU 2 > DMU 3; (2) the ratio of agricultural to ecological water allocation in the irrigation district is about 3:1, which is consistent with the water use characteristics of this area; (3) the total water allocation during the whole growth period for different crops is mainly determined by planting area, and the ranking of the water allocation is: sunflower > maize > wheat > seed melon. Moreover, compared with the single-level models, the inexact bi-level multi-objective model can well coordinate the upper and lower decision-makers and the multiple decision objectives under the WONDER nexus. Therefore, the proposed framework can provide the scientific basis for balancing agricultural and ecological water management and conflicting objectives in similar irrigation districts through involving multiple subsystems and perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]