Increased likelihood of compound dry and hot extremes in India.

Compound dry and hot extremes (CDHE) are periods of prolonged dry and hot weather. Their joint occurrence typically impacts society and nature stronger compared to the occurrence of the single hazards. Understanding the likelihood, variability and drivers of CDHE is challenging due to the complexity of the climate system involving interactions and feedbacks among atmosphere-land processes. In this study, we first investigate the role of the dependence between precipitation and temperature for the likelihood of CDHEs. We demonstrate that both the dependence strength and its type, i.e. the degree of tail dependence, substantially affect the CDHE likelihood. We then analyze the space-time variation of CDHE characteristics during the Indian Summer Monsoon across India for the period 1961–2014. We find strong negative association and substantial tail dependence between precipitation and temperature in some regions. Event coincidence analysis reveals that low soil moisture preconditioned by dry extremes is responsible for 55–65% of CDHE occurrence. Our analysis of the temporal evolution of CDHE characteristics finds an increasing negative association between precipitation and temperature leading to a 2 to 3-fold rise of CDHE frequency for some regions of India. • CDHE likelihood depends strongly on the type and strength of precipitation-temperature dependence. • Dependence between low precipitation and high temperature exhibits strong space-time variation. • Low soil moisture preconditioned by dry extremes contributes to CDHE occurrence and its spatial diversity. • CDHE frequency shows a 2 to 3-fold rise for some regions for the period 1961–2014. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]