Unraveling the effect of CDI electrode characteristics on Cs removal from the perspective of ion transfer and energy composition.

Capacitive deionization (CDI) is surprisingly efficient to remove the aqueous Cs ion due to its small hydrated size and low hydration energy. But current experimental techniques fail in investigating deeply into the influence of some key electrode characteristics due to the difficulty in experimentally fabricating the electrodes as desired. This work presents a dynamic transport model of salt ions in a flow-by CDI cell. By using this model, the electrode thickness, macro- and micro-porosity are investigated to evaluate Cs ion removal efficiency and energy efficiency particularly from the aspect of ion transfer by the approach of decomposing energy contribution. The results indicate that the thick electrode coupled with the high current could greatly improve the effluent quality, but reduce the salt adsorption capacity (SAC). The increasement of the current density from 3 A/m2 to 6 A/m2 greatly decreases the SAC from 4.0 mg/g to 0.8 mg/g. Lower current could prolong the charging period, leading to more ions stored in the micropore. Not all the electrical energy is consumed for separating ions from the feed as desired, but some are used for driving ions diffusing in the electrodes. Consequently charging efficiency will be reduced especially when the electrodes are characterized with high porosity. It is highlighted that future work is required to further consider the complex details of porous structure and pore connectivity. [Display omitted] Radioactive cesium as the product of uranium fission in the energy industry usually exit in ionic form and could be easily dissolved in water, releasing high levels of beta as well as gamma particles and leading to cell damage. Surprisingly capacitive deionization (CDI) is efficient to remove the aqueous Cs ion due to its small hydrated size and low hydration energy. This work deeply elucidates the mechanism of Cs removal by the CDI technique from the aspect of ion transfer and energy contribution composition such as to provide theoretical guidelines for tailoring the electrode structure and tuning the operating parameters. • A CDI dynamic model was presented. • Mechanism was explained by ion transfer. • Energy was decomposed based on ion transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]