Direct and diffuse shading factors modelling for the most representative agrivoltaic system layouts.

• Shadings at crop level under different agrivoltaic system configurations are modelled. • Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) distribution at the crop level is modelled. • The agrivoltaic configurations showed a variation of light homogeneity from 86 % to 95 %. • Yearly cumulative PAR reduction varies from 11 % to 21 %. • The two-axis agrivoltaic system showed the highest light homogeneity and lowest yearly PAR reduction at one location. Agrivoltaic systems are becoming increasingly popular as a crucial technology for attaining multiple sustainable development goals, such as affordable and clean energy, zero hunger, clean water and sanitation, and climate action. However, a comprehensive understanding of the shading effects on crops is essential for choosing an optimal agrivoltaic system, as an incorrect choice can result in significant crop yield reductions. In this study, fixed vertical, one-axis tracking, and two-axis tracking photovoltaic arrays were developed for agrivoltaic applications to analyse the shading conditions on the ground used for crop production. The models demonstrated remarkable accuracy in comparison to commercial software such as PVsyst® and SketchUp®. These models will help to reduce crop yield uncertainty under agrivoltaic systems by providing accurate photosynthetically active radiation distribution at the crop level. The photosynthetically active radiation distribution was further analysed using a light homogeneity index, and the results showed that homogeneity and photosynthetically active radiation reduction varied significantly depending on the agrivoltaic system design, ranging from 86% to 95%, and 11% to 22%, respectively. Studying the effect of shading with distribution analysis is crucial for identifying the most suitable agrivoltaic system layout for specific crops and geographical locations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]