Northern flickers allocate female offspring to last-laid eggs consistent with the intrabrood sharing-out hypothesis.

I examined sex allocation of offspring in northern flickers, Colaptes auratus , a woodpecker with biparental care and sexual size dimorphism. The analysis of data involving 8321 nestlings that were sexed over a span of 16 years revealed no significant bias towards the smaller sex (females) at the population level (all fledglings pooled), counter to the Fisherian hypothesis of equal investment at the end of parental care. At the level of the brood, high-quality parents (older and in better body condition) did not produce more of the expensive sex (males) counter to the Trivers–Willard hypothesis. Brood sex ratios were somewhat repeatable among females but did not vary significantly with year, clutch size or hatching date probably because the main food of flickers, ground-dwelling ants, is relatively invariable. Mother flickers allocated more of the cheaper sex to last-hatched offspring in asynchronous broods, consistent with the 'intrabrood sharing-out hypothesis' but not the 'competitive advantage hypothesis'. The female-bias in last-laid eggs was present in complete broods, which had no nestling mortality, suggesting that primary sex ratio manipulation was involved. However, a small shift in the direction of female-bias occurred as a result of a greater mortality of the more costly (male) nestlings. Female flickers may therefore attempt to minimize maladaptive brood reduction by allocating more of the cheaper sex to positions later in the laying sequence. • Population level offspring sex ratio of northern flickers did not differ from parity. • High-quality parents did not produce more males (the expensive sex). • Flickers allocated more females to last-hatched offspring within asynchronous broods. • Female bias in last-laid eggs was present in broods without nestling mortality. • Sex allocation was consistent with the 'intrabrood sharing-out hypothesis'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]