A Hybrid Model Based on CNN-LSTM to Detect and Forecast Harmonics: A Case Study of an Eskom Substation in South Africa.

The ever-growing modern smart grid with more distributed energy resources is providing efficient energy supply while facing several challenges that include harmonics induced among many. Previous and present literature shows that various machine and deep learning models are superior and accurate as compared to the traditional and conventional signal processing techniques. Obtaining accurate results becomes extremely important especially the fact that harmonics are essentially nonlinear, nonparametric, and adaptive in nature. This paper proposes a novel forecasting model that aggregates two deep learning models: convolutional neural network (CNN) and long short term memory (LSTM) recurrent neural network (RNN) detect and forecast harmonics in a power system. CNN-LSTM hybrid forecasting model for harmonics in the power grid system has achieved significantly superior performance in collaborative data mining on spatiotemporal measurement data. Sample features are extracted using CNN before they are passed through LSTM for prediction. To show the superiority of the hybrid CNN-LSTM deep neural prediction network model, it is compared with CNN, LSTM and NARX (Non-Linear Autoregressive with External (Exogenous) Input). CNN-LSTM forecasting performance is superior as compared to the other four models. MSE and RMSE for CNN-LSTM are 0.00038 (〖3.8 × 10〗^ (−4)) and 0.0000014917 (1.4917 × 10^(−6)) respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]