Design of lossy three‐element networks with optimization efficiency.

Lumped passive elements are usually lossy because parasitic resistances dissipate the power transferred from the source to the load; thus, this loss influences the performance of the matching network. Furthermore, the impedances that need to be matched are usually complex‐valued. In this paper, we described an optimization design method for lossy three‐element network to achieve impedance matching between complex source and load impedances. We first determined the efficiency formulas for lossy Π and T networks via a generalized quality‐based equation. Next, two methods were introduced to design the lossy Π and T networks with maximum efficiency. Finally, to validate the effectiveness of the designed lossy three‐element networks, we conducted a series of numerical analysis and simulations, which indicates that the designed lossy Π and T networks exhibits excellent impedance matching performance at the desired frequency. For some instances, the lossy Π network with three elements exhibits a higher efficiency than a multistage matching network with more elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]