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SARS-CoV-2 Infection Dysregulates Host Iron (Fe)-Redox Homeostasis (Fe-R-H): Role of Fe-Redox Regulators, Ferroptosis Inhibitors, Anticoagulants, and Iron-Chelators in COVID-19 Control.
- Source :
-
Journal of Dietary Supplements . 2023, Vol. 20 Issue 2, p312-371. 60p. - Publication Year :
- 2023
-
Abstract
- Severe imbalance in iron metabolism among SARS-CoV-2 infected patients is prominent in every symptomatic (mild, moderate to severe) clinical phase of COVID-19. Phase-I – Hypoxia correlates with reduced O2 transport by erythrocytes, overexpression of HIF-1α, altered mitochondrial bioenergetics with host metabolic reprogramming (HMR). Phase-II – Hyperferritinemia results from an increased iron overload, which triggers a fulminant proinflammatory response – the acute cytokine release syndrome (CRS). Elevated cytokine levels (i.e. IL6, TNFα and CRP) strongly correlates with altered ferritin/TF ratios in COVID-19 patients. Phase-III – Thromboembolism is consequential to erythrocyte dysfunction with heme release, increased prothrombin time and elevated D-dimers, cumulatively linked to severe coagulopathies with life-threatening outcomes such as ARDS, and multi-organ failure. Taken together, Fe-R-H dysregulation is implicated in every symptomatic phase of COVID-19. Fe-R-H regulators such as lactoferrin (LF), hemoxygenase-1 (HO-1), erythropoietin (EPO) and hepcidin modulators are innate bio-replenishments that sequester iron, neutralize iron-mediated free radicals, reduce oxidative stress, and improve host defense by optimizing iron metabolism. Due to its pivotal role in 'cytokine storm', ferroptosis is a potential intervention target. Ferroptosis inhibitors such as ferrostatin-1, liproxstatin-1, quercetin, and melatonin could prevent mitochondrial lipid peroxidation, up-regulate antioxidant/GSH levels and abrogate iron overload-induced apoptosis through activation of Nrf2 and HO-1 signaling pathways. Iron chelators such as heparin, deferoxamine, caffeic acid, curcumin, α-lipoic acid, and phytic acid could protect against ferroptosis and restore mitochondrial function, iron-redox potential, and rebalance Fe-R-H status. Therefore, Fe-R-H restoration is a host biomarker-driven potential combat strategy for an effective clinical and post-recovery management of COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Subjects :
- *PROTHROMBIN time
*COVID-19
*IRON
*NUCLEAR factor E2 related factor
*ANTICOAGULANTS
*CHELATING agents
*ANTIVIRAL agents
*IRON in the body
*APOPTOSIS
*ANTIOXIDANTS
*CYTOKINE release syndrome
*OXIDATIVE stress
*QUERCETIN
*CELLULAR signal transduction
*THROMBOEMBOLISM
*GLYCOPROTEINS
*IRON overload
*IRON regulatory proteins
*MOLECULAR structure
*FREE radicals
*OXIDATION-reduction reaction
*LIPID peroxidation (Biology)
*ERYTHROPOIETIN
*PHARMACODYNAMICS
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 19390211
- Volume :
- 20
- Issue :
- 2
- Database :
- Academic Search Index
- Journal :
- Journal of Dietary Supplements
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 162596114
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.1080/19390211.2022.2075072