COVID Discrimination Experience: Chinese Canadians' Social Identities Moderate the Effect of Personal and Group Discrimination on Well-Being.

Objective: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has amplified preexisting racism and xenophobia. In this study, we investigated (a) whether perceived personal and group discrimination make distinct contributions to Chinese Canadians' negative affect and concern that the heightened discrimination they experienced during the pandemic will continue after the pandemic; (b) whether Canadian and Chinese identities and social support moderate the effect of discrimination on this concern; and (c) whether race-based rejection sensitivity (RS) explains why each type of discrimination predicts negative affect and expectation of future discrimination. Method: A sample of Chinese Canadian adults across Canadian provinces (N = 516; Mage = 42.74, 53.3% females) completed a questionnaire assessing personal and group discrimination, Chinese and Canadian identity, a short form of race-based RS, negative affect, and expectation of future discrimination. Results: Personal and group discrimination were intercorrelated and positively associated with negative emotion and expectation of future discrimination. Chinese Canadians who identified more strongly as Chinese experienced a less adverse impact related to group discrimination. However, those who identified more (vs. less) strongly as Canadians were more likely to be impacted by personal discrimination. Finally, path analysis revealed that both personal and group discrimination were positively associated with RS, which in turn predicted an expectation that long-lasting racism would continue after the pandemic. Conclusion: Group and personal discrimination play different roles in Chinese Canadians' experiences during and expectations after the pandemic. Maintaining Chinese identity can be beneficial to Chinese Canadians, particularly in mitigating the negative effect of group discrimination during the pandemic. Public Significance Statement: Discrimination during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has heightened Chinese Canadians' negative emotional experiences, worry about interethnic interaction, and future discrimination expectations. The experiences of discrimination, if not addressed, may lead to long-term consequences on Chinese Canadians' mental health and social functioning. One protective factor is their heritage identity, which functions as a buffer against the negative impact of group discrimination during the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]