Genetics and precision health: the ecological fallacy and artificial intelligence solutions.

The types of genetic effects that can define subgroups not represented by population-level estimates include non-additive gene-gene and gene-environment interactions and genetic heterogeneity. The I ApoE4 i allele was discovered 30 years ago and still represents the single most important genetic risk factor for this disease where it accounts for as much as ~ 25% of the heritability of disease liability and as much as 20% of the attributable risk in Europeans [[3]]. Human genetics began as a field that used family-based linkage studies to identify genes associated with specific phenotypes. Take for example, infants born with phenylketonuria (PKU) resulting from mutations in a single gene, phenylalanine hydroxylase. [Extracted from the article]