South Korea's national pursuit for fuel cell electric vehicle development: The role of government R&D programs over 30 years (1989–2021).

This paper explains the role of the Korean government's National R&D Program over three decades for fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) development. The R&D programs had started far before FCEV was considered feasible. We call this as a national pursuit, since the R&D programs has been participated by not only car manufacturers but also various research institutions, including universities, in Korea's national innovation system. The Korean government has implemented a series of National R&D Programs throughout many stages, from selection of technology, building infrastructure and legislations, demonstration, and subsidizing mass-produced FCEVs. The authors analyzed all the government R&D programs from 1989 to 2021 to show the evolutionary changes in contexts and contents of the programs that have reflected varying expectations, government's industrial strategy, and the maturity of technologies through periods. This paper claims that Korea's FCEV development has been regarded as a long-run national industrial strategy, and the development has been persistently pursued in a national innovation systemic manner, such as combining public R&D sector with industries and strong institutional and organizational supports by government. • South Korea's National R&D Programs have been at the center of the FCEV development. • The role of government is crucial in the early phase of novel technology development. • Visions for supporting the National R&D Programs have been elaborated along with technological advances. • R&D networks between large firms, universities, and GRIs formed through National R&D Programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]