Biomimetic nanovaccine based on erythrocyte membrane enhances immune response and protection against tilapia lake virus.

An infectious disease emerged in recent years, Tilapia Lake Virus Disease (TiLVD), has severely restricted the development of global tilapia industry. Vaccination has proved potential strategy to prevent its causative agent Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV) infectious. However, the response intensity of subunit vaccine is limited by its low immunogenicity, thus inclusion of adjuvants is required. Thus, we prepared a biomimetic nano-system (Cs-S2@M-M) with a particle size of ∼100 nm and an encapsulation efficiency of about 79.15% based on erythrocyte membrane. The immune response was detected after intramuscular injection to assess the effectiveness of the vaccine. The biomimetic system significantly up-regulates the expression of immune genes, enhances the activity of non-specific immune-related enzymes (P < 0.05) and improved relative percentage survival by 17.4%–26.1% in TiLV challenge. The biomimetic nano-system based on erythrocyte membrane induced significant immune response in tilapia and enhanced protection against TiLV, promising as a model for fish vaccines. • The segment 2 of tilapia lake virus (TiLV) can be used as an effective antigen to construct TiLV subunit vaccines. • The functional modification of S2 promotes the immune response and provides up to 69.9% RPS in TiLV challenge. • Biomimetic nanovaccine Cs-S2@M-M induces strong immune responses, including antibody titer, enzyme activity and immune genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]