Forecasting groundwater quality using automatic exponential smoothing model (AESM) in Xianyang City, China.

To reasonably ensure good groundwater quality for the safety of users, it is necessary to monitor the evolution of physicochemical parameters of water. This study assessed the evolution of groundwater quality in Xianyang City (Central China) for 6 years and forecasted the water quality index (WQI) using the automatic exponential smoothing model (AESM). The results revealed that pH, Mn, NH4+, HCO3− and Ca2+ increased significantly within 6 years. However, there was a slight decrease in K+, NO3−, SiO2, and Mg2+. Over the course of 6 years, seven out of fourteen wells maintained excellent or good water quality, whereas groundwater quality in the remaining wells fluctuated from excellent to good or from good to poor. The WQI index increased for nine wells, and five of them including well 173, well 457, well 46, well 26, and well C4 manifested an exponential increase of WQI, which was mainly caused by high concentrations of Mn, NH4+, and NO3−. The forecast accuracy verified by MASE and sMAPE, which ranged from 0.35 to 1.06 and from 0.04 to 0.69, respectively, demonstrated that the predictions were reliable. The AESM was tested in groundwater quality prediction, indicating that it might be used for actual scientific studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]