Obesity and dysregulated innate immune responses: impact of micronutrient deficiencies.

The presence of obesity is associated with dysregulated innate immune responses, including macrophages. The research field of immunometabolism dictates that immune cell function is determined by metabolic status. Obesity is associated with micronutrient deficiencies, including Vitamin D and zinc, which have been attributed widespread immunomodulatory effects. Limited information is available regarding the immunometabolic effects of micronutrients, including Vitamin D and zinc, on macrophages. More studies are needed to identify the immunometabolic effects of putative micronutrient interventions that might help improve innate immune cell functions during obesity. Metabolism is a crucial determinant of innate immune cell function, including macrophages. The availability of macro- and micronutrients impacts macrophage metabolism and, thus, function. Obesity is often accompanied by innate immune cell dysfunction driving various complications. In contrast to macronutrients, micronutrient deficiencies are frequently observed during obesity. Due to their widespread immunomodulatory effects, targeting micronutrient deficiencies (e.g., vitamin D, zinc, etc.) during obesity may serve to restore innate immune function and prevent or alleviate the development of complications. Obesity is associated with the development of various complications, including diabetes, atherosclerosis, and an increased risk for infections, driven by dysfunctional innate immune responses. Recent insights have revealed that the availability of nutrients is a key determinant of innate immune cell function. Although the presence of obesity is associated with overnutrition of macronutrients, several micronutrient deficiencies, including Vitamin D and zinc, are often present. Micronutrients have been attributed important immunomodulatory roles. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of the immunomodulatory effects of Vitamin D and zinc. We also suggest future lines of research to further improve our understanding of these micronutrients; this may serve as a stepping-stone to explore micronutrient supplementation to improve innate immune cell function during obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]