Militarization, renewable energy utilization, and ecological footprints: Evidence from RCEP economies.

Military expenditures in the Asia-Pacific region have grown rapidly in tandem with economic growth over the past few decades. The military sector's impact on environmental change has not been given enough attention. Renewable energy utilization in the Asia-Pacific region also has increased significantly. This paper examines the relationship between militarization, economic growth, renewable energy utilization, and environmental change in the 15 countries participating in the Regional Comprehensive Economic Cooperation (RCEP) agreement using data that covers 1990–2018. The panel cointegration and cross section autoregressive distributed lag (CS-ARDL) models are used to examine the long- and short-term relationships among variables. The empirical results show that economic growth and rising levels of militarization have a positive impact on a country's ecological footprint. The increase in military capital intensity has aggravated the environmental harm caused by the military. Improving the utilization rate of renewable energy can alleviate detrimental environmental effects in the long term. This study also puts forward policy recommendations from the policy perspective of sustainable development to reduce the level of regional militarization and improve the utilization of renewable energy. • Militarization is the cause of environmental degradation. • The increase of military capital intensity will aggravate its damage to the environment. • Renewable energy use can ease ecological footprint expansion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]