Low-Rank Constrained Attention-Enhanced Multiple Spatial–Spectral Feature Fusion for Small Sample Hyperspectral Image Classification.

Hyperspectral images contain rich features in both spectral and spatial domains, which bring opportunities for accurate recognition of similar materials and promote various fine-grained remote sensing applications. Although deep learning models have been extensively investigated in the field of hyperspectral image classification (HSIC) tasks, classification performance is still limited under small sample conditions, and this has been a longstanding problem. The features extracted by complex network structures with large model size are redundant to some extent and prone to overfitting. This paper proposes a low-rank constrained attention-enhanced multiple feature fusion network (LAMFN). Firstly, factor analysis is used to extract very few components that can describe the original data using covariance information to perform spectral feature preprocessing. Then, a lightweight attention-enhanced 3D convolution module is used for deep feature extraction, and the position-sensitive information is supplemented using a 2D coordinate attention. The above widely varying spatial–spectral feature groups are fused through a simple composite residual structure. Finally, low-rank second-order pooling is adopted to enhance the convolutional feature selectivity and achieve classification. Extensive experiments were conducted on four representative hyperspectral datasets with different spatial–spectral characteristics, namely Indian Pines (IP), Pavia Center (PC), Houston (HU), and WHU-HongHu (WHU). The contrast methods include several advanced models proposed recently, including residual CNNs, attention-based CNNs, and transformer-based models. Using only five samples per class for training, LAMFN achieved overall accuracies of 78.15%, 97.18%, 81.35%, and 87.93% on the above datasets, which has an improvement of 0.82%, 1.12%, 1.67%, and 0.89% compared to the second-best model. The running time of LAMFN is moderate. For example, the training time of LAMFN on the WHU dataset was 29.1 s, and the contrast models ranged from 3.0 s to 341.4 s. In addition, ablation experiments and comparisons with some advanced semi-supervised learning methods further validated the effectiveness of the proposed model designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]