Once bitten, twice shy: The overgeneralization trap and epistemic learning after policy failure.

Why do smart policy makers who try to learn from policy failure end up overgeneralizing these lessons when facing new crises? This article focuses on the policy learning that can come in the wake of perceived policy failure, and the consequences that lesson learning has for diagnosing and tackling subsequent crises. We argue, in contrast to much of the existing literature, that failure can result in policy learning when the policy area is highly complex and there are recognized experts that have epistemic authority in the issue. At the same time, lessons tend to become overgeneralized in which policy makers facing a new crisis extrapolate the lessons learned from the past failure with little consideration of whether the circumstances are similar enough to be applicable. Our argument is assessed empirically using a process‐tracing analysis of how the EU responded to the Spanish banking crisis in 2012. Related Articles: Butz, Adam M., Michael P. Fix, and Joshua L. Mitchell. 2015. "Policy Learning and the Diffusion of Stand‐Your‐Ground Laws." Politics & Policy 43(3): 347–77. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12116. Considine, Mark. 2012. "Applying Design Theory to Public Policy." Politics & Policy 40(4): 704–24. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00372.x. Raile, Eric D., Amber N. Raile, Charles T. Salmon, and Lori Ann Post. 2014. "Defining Public Will." Politics & Policy 42(1): 103–30. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12063. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]