Transforming agrifood systems in a win–win for health and environment: evidence from organic rice–duck coculture.

BACKGROUND: Rice–duck coculture is an ecological agricultural mode; however, the nutritional and environmental benefits of transforming from conventional rice monoculture to rice–duck coculture are unknown. Based on survey data and the life‐cycle assessment approach, this study conducted a carbon footprint evaluation of conventional rice monoculture (CR), organic rice monoculture (OR), and organic rice–duck coculture (ORD) using different functional units. RESULTS: The carbon footprint per hectare of ORD (7842 ± 284 kg CO2eq ha−1) was slightly lower than that of CR (7905 ± 412 kg CO2eq ha−1), while higher than that of OR (7786 ± 235 kg CO2eq ha−1). Although the rice yield of ORD was slightly lower than that of CR, its nutrient density unit (NDU) did not decrease significantly due to the additional duck yield. Thus, the carbon footprint per NDU of ORD was significantly lower than that of OR by 24.3% (P < 0.05) and was 5.8% higher than that of CR, but this was not statistically significant. Due to the higher economic profits of ORD, its unit of carbon footprint per economic profit was significantly reduced (by 47.1–75.7%) compared with the other two farming modes, while the net ecosystem economic budget was significantly increased by 98.5–341.9% (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Transforming from a rice monoculture to a coculture system will contribute to a win–win situation for human health and environmental sustainability. This study highlighted the abundant nutritional output function of the rice–duck coculture and analyzed the urgency and necessity of transitioning from traditional agriculture to ecological agriculture from the production and consumption perspectives. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]