Competition for space by predators in streams: field experiments on a net-spinning caddisfly.

Field experiments in a fishless stream were carried out on an abundant caddisfly with a predatory, net-spinning larva, Plectrocnemia conspersa (Curtis), to assess whether net site availability affects their microdistribution. 2. Net sites were supplemented by adding nought, one or four artificial structures to replicated patches on the stream bed. In each of three experiments at different seasons (summer, autumn and late winter), caddis densities increased significantly in patches with extra net sites. 3. The response of caddis to supplemented net sites could be affected by the subsidiary effects of food and of fish. These potential interactions were assessed in each experiment by varying net site density in two additional treatment stretches in which (1) prey abundance was increased by releasing Daphnia, and (2) brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) were enclosed. The responses of caddis in these two treatments were compared to that in the reference stretch, where only net site density varied. 4. Increased food abundance enhanced the response of caddis to net site supplementation in winter, when natural prey was least abundant, but not in summer or autumn. We suggest that extra food affects the mechanism determining net building only when prey availability is below some threshold. 5. The presence of fish precluded any effect of extra net sites in summer, but had no effect in autumn (the winter fish treatment was lost). We suggest fish predation reduced the densities of caddis in summer, so that net sites no longer limited local densities. In autumn, fallen leaves provided refugia from fish, which consequently were less effective predators of P. conspersa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]