MR-guided beam gating: Residual motion, gating efficiency and dose reconstruction for stereotactic treatments of the liver and lung.

• Evaluation of MR-guided beam gating based on patient data. • Estimation of residual motion during gating and its dosimetric effect. • Dose reconstruction workflow for individual patient motion. This study aims to investigate the efficiency and the geometric as well as the dosimetric benefit of magnetic-resonance guided beam gating for stereotactic treatments in moving organs. Patients treated with MR-guided (MRIdian system) SBRT for lung (n = 10) and liver (n = 10) targets were analyzed. Breath-hold gating was performed based on lesion tracking in sagittal cine MRI images. The target offset from the geometric center of the gating window with and without gating was evaluated. A dose reconstruction workflow based on convolution of these 2D position-probability maps and the daily 3D dose distribution was used to estimate the daily delivered dose including motion. The dose to the clinical target volume (CTV) and to a 2-cm ring structure around the planning target volume were evaluated. The applied gating protocol resulted in a mean (±standard deviation) gating efficiency of 55%±16%. Over all patients, the mean target offset (2D-root-mean-square error) was 8.3 ± 4.3 mm, which reduced to 2.4 ± 0.6 mm during gating. The dose reconstruction showed a mean deviation in CTV coverage (D95) from the static plans of −1.7%±1.8% with gating and −12.0%±8.4% if no gating would have been used. The mean dose (Dmean) in the ring structure, with respect to the static plans, showed mean deviations of −0.1%±0.3% with gating and −1.6%±1.8% without gating. The MRIdian system enables gating based on the inner anatomy and the implemented dose reconstruction workflow demonstrated geometric robust delivery of the planned radiation doses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]