Analysis of the Holarctic Dictyoptera aurora Complex (Coleoptera, Lycidae) Reveals Hidden Diversity and Geographic Structure in Müllerian Mimicry Ring.

Similarly, I D. coccinata i belongs to the complex of red lycids in Northern America, i.e., I D. hamata i (Mannerheim), I D. simplicipes i (Mannerheim), and I Punicealis munda i (Say). All populations of the I D. aurora i complex are morphologically uniform (Figure 2 and Figure 3), yet the morphological stasis due to stable environmental conditions is exceptionally improbable as I D. aurora i occurs from Northern African cedar forests to tundra low shrub ecosystems beyond the polar circle in Fennoscandia and I D. coccinata i from dry shrub and forest vegetation in Arizona to the polar circle area in Alaska and the humid temperate to subtropical forests of Georgia and northern Florida. I D. aurora i resembles I Lopheros rubens i (Gyllenhal), I E. cosnardi i (Mulsant), I B. taygetanus i (Pic), I B. longicornis i (Reiche), and I P. rubripes i (Pic) in Europe and I Dictyoptera i spp., I Helcophorus i spp., I Conderis i spp., and I Lyponia i spp. in East Asia. The levels of mtDNA divergence detected in the I D. aurora i clade are comparable to those often found between morphologically species pairs in other insects [[1], [15], [66]] and also between the sister species of net-winged beetles [[12], [27]]. Analysis of the Holarctic Dictyoptera aurora Complex (Coleoptera, Lycidae) Reveals Hidden Diversity and Geographic Structure in Müllerian Mimicry Ring. [Extracted from the article]